Acute pancreatitis in a COVID-19 patient in Brazil: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic have already exceeded 10 million infected and more than 560,000 deaths worldwide since its inception. Currently, it is known that the disease affects mainly the respiratory system; however, recent studies have shown an increase in the number of patients with manifestations in other systems, including gastrointestinal manifestations. There is a lack of literature regarding the development of acute pancreatitis as a complication of coronavirus disease 2019. CASE REPORT: We report a case of acute pancreatitis in a white male patient with coronavirus disease 2019. A 35-year-old man (body mass index 31.5) had acute epigastric pain radiating to his back, dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting for 2 days. The patient was diagnosed with severe acute pancreatitis (AP)-APACHE II: 5, SOFA: 3, Marshall: 0; then he was transferred from ED to the semi-intensive care unit. He tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and his chest computed tomography findings were compatible with coronavirus disease 2019. Treatment was based on bowel rest, fluid resuscitation, analgesia, and empiric antibiotic therapy. At day 12, with resolution of abdominal pain and improvement of the respiratory condition, the patient was discharged. CONCLUSION: Since there is still limited evidence of pancreatic involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, no definite conclusion can be made. Given the lack of other etiology, we consider the possibility that the patient's acute pancreatitis could be secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 infection, and we suggest investigation of pancreas-specific plasma amylase in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and abdominal pain.

Management of acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Views of two Brazilian surgical societies.

Acute appendicitis (AA) is a frequent cause of abdominal pain requiring surgical treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, surgical societies considered other therapeutic options due to uncertainties in the evolution of the disease. The purpose of this study is to assess the treatment of AA by members of two Brazilian surgical societies in this period. A common questionnaire was sent in 2020. There were 382 responses. Most surgeons had more than 15 years of profession (68.3%) and treated more than five cases per month (44.8%). About 72.5% would indicate chest CT to investigate COVID-19 in patients with AA. For those patients sustaining uncomplicated AA, without COVID-19, 60.2% would indicate laparoscopic appendectomy (VLA), followed by open appendectomy (OA) (31.7%) and non-operative management (NOM) (1.3%). For those with mild COVID-19, OA was suggested by 51.0%, followed by VLA (29.6%) and NOM (6.0%). For those with severe COVID-19, OA was proposed by 35.3%, followed by NOM (19.9%) and VLA (18.6%). For patients with periappendiceal abscesses, without COVID-19, VLA was suggested by 54.2%, followed by OA (33.2%) and NOM (4.4%). For those with mild COVID-19, OA was proposed in 49.5%, followed by VLA (29.3%) and NOM (8.9%). In those with severe COVID-19, OA was proposed in 36.6%, followed by NOM (25.1%) and VLA (17.3%). This information, based on two recognized Brazilian surgical societies, can help the surgeon to select the best approach individually.

Management of acute appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic: Views of two Brazilian surgical societies / Análise descritiva do tratamento dos doentes com apendicite aguda durante a pandemia de COVID-19: A visão dos cirurgiões de duas sociedades nacionais

ABSTRACT Acute appendicitis (AA) is a frequent cause of abdominal pain requiring surgical treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, surgical societies considered other therapeutic options due to uncertainties in the evolution of the disease. The purpose of this study is to assess the treatment of AA by members of two Brazilian surgical societies in this period. A common questionnaire was sent in 2020. There were 382 responses. Most surgeons had more than 15 years of profession (68.3%) and treated more than five cases per month (44.8%). About 72.5% would indicate chest CT to investigate COVID-19 in patients with AA. For those patients sustaining uncomplicated AA, without COVID-19, 60.2% would indicate laparoscopic appendectomy (VLA), followed by open appendectomy (OA) (31.7%) and non-operative management (NOM) (1.3%). For those with mild COVID-19, OA was suggested by 51.0%, followed by VLA (29.6%) and NOM (6.0%). For those with severe COVID-19, OA was proposed by 35.3%, followed by NOM (19.9%) and VLA (18.6%). For patients with periappendiceal abscesses, without COVID-19, VLA was suggested by 54.2%, followed by OA (33.2%) and NOM (4.4%). For those with mild COVID-19, OA was proposed in 49.5%, followed by VLA (29.3%) and NOM (8.9%). In those with severe COVID-19, OA was proposed in 36.6%, followed by NOM (25.1%) and VLA (17.3%). This information, based on two recognized Brazilian surgical societies, can help the surgeon to select the best approach individually.

RESUMO A apendicite aguda (AA) é causa frequente de abdome agudo cirúrgico. Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, devido às incertezas na evolução da doença, sociedades consideraram outras opções terapêuticas. Nosso objetivo é descrever o tratamento da AA por membros do CBC e SBAIT neste período. O questionário foi enviado em 2020. Houve 382 respostas. A maioria dos profissionais tinha mais de 15 anos de profissão (68,3%) e atendia mais de cinco casos por mês (44,8%). Cerca de 72,5% realizariam TC de tórax para investigação de COVID-19 em pacientes com AA. Nos com AA não complicada, sem COVID-19, 60,2% optariam pela apendicectomia videolaparoscópica (AVL), seguido de apendicectomia aberta (AAB) (31,7%) e tratamento não operatório (TNO) (1,3%). Nos com COVID-19 leve, AAB foi proposta por 51,0%, seguido da AVL (29,6%) e TNO (6,0%). Nos com COVID-19 grave, a AAB foi proposta por 35,3%, seguido de TNO (19,9%) e AVL (18,6%). Nos com AA complicadas com abscesso, sem COVID-19, AVL foi sugerida por 54,2%, seguida da AAB (33,2%) e TNO (4,4%). Nos com COVID-19 leve, a AAB foi proposta em 49,5%, seguidos da AVL (29,3%) e TNO (8,9%). Nos com COVID-19 grave, a AAB foi proposta em 36,6%, seguido de TNO (25,1%) e AVL (17,3%). Estas são opções de cirurgiões de duas sociedades cirúrgicas reconhecidas e podem auxiliar o colega que está na linha de frente a definir a melhor conduta individualmente.

The trauma and acute care surgeon in the COVID-19 pandemic era.

The World Health Organization recognized in March 2020 the existence of a pandemic for the new coronavirus that appeared in China, in late 2019, and whose disease was named COVID-19. In this context, the SBAIT (Brazilian Society of Integrated Care for Traumatized Patients) conducted a survey with 219 trauma and emergency surgeons regarding the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the role of the surgeon in this pandemic by means of an electronic survey. It was observed that surgeons have been acting under inadequate conditions, with a lack of basic supplies as well as more specific equipment such as N95 masks and facial shields for the care of potential victims who may be contaminated. The latter increases the risk of contamination of professionals, resulting in potential losses in the working teams. Immediate measures must be taken to guarantee access to safety equipment throughout the country, since all trauma victims and/or patients with emergency surgical conditions must be treated as potential carriers of COVID-19.

The trauma and acute care surgeon in the COVID-19 pandemic era.

The World Health Organization recognized in March 2020 the existence of a pandemic for the new coronavirus that appeared in China, in late 2019, and whose disease was named COVID-19. In this context, the SBAIT (Brazilian Society of Integrated Care for Traumatized Patients) conducted a survey with 219 trauma and emergency surgeons regarding the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the role of the surgeon in this pandemic by means of an electronic survey. It was observed that surgeons have been acting under inadequate conditions, with a lack of basic supplies as well as more specific equipment such as N95 masks and facial shields for the care of potential victims who may be contaminated. The latter increases the risk of contamination of professionals, resulting in potential losses in the working teams. Immediate measures must be taken to guarantee access to safety equipment throughout the country, since all trauma victims and/or patients with emergency surgical conditions must be treated as potential carriers of COVID-19.

O cirurgião de trauma e emergência na era da pandemia de COVID-19

A Organização Mundial de Saúde reconheceu a partir de março de 2020 a existência de uma pandemia do novo coronavírus que surgiu na China no final de 2019, e cuja doença foi denominada COVID-19. Neste contexto, a SBAIT (Sociedade Brasileira de Atendimento Integrado ao Traumatizado) realizou pesquisa com 219 cirurgiões de Trauma e de Urgências e Emergências a respeito de disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) e do papel do cirurgião nesta pandemia, por meio de formulário eletrônico. Observou-se que os cirurgiões vêm atuando em condições inadequadas, com falta de insumos básicos assim como equipamentos mais específicos, como máscaras N95 e protetores faciais, para a atenção de potenciais vítimas que estejam contaminadas. Isso eleva o risco de contaminação dos profissionais e causa decorrentes baixas na força de trabalho. Medidas imediatas devem ser adotadas para garantir o acesso aos equipamentos de segurança em todo país uma vez que, todos os pacientes vítimas de trauma e/ou portadores de doenças cirúrgicas de urgência devem ser tratados como potenciais portadores do COVID-19.

The trauma and acute care surgeon in the COVID-19 pandemic era

The World Health Organization recognized in March 2020 the existence of a pandemic for the new coronavirus that appeared in China, in late 2019, and whose disease was named COVID-19. In this context, the SBAIT (Brazilian Society of Integrated Care for Traumatized Patients) conducted a survey with 219 trauma and emergency surgeons regarding the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the role of the surgeon in this pandemic by means of an electronic survey. It was observed that surgeons have been acting under inadequate conditions, with a lack of basic supplies as well as more specific equipment such as N95 masks and facial shields for the care of potential victims who may be contaminated. The latter increases the risk of contamination of professionals, resulting in potential losses in the working teams. Immediate measures must be taken to guarantee access to safety equipment throughout the country, since all trauma victims and/or patients with emergency surgical conditions must be treated as potential carriers of COVID-19.

The trauma and acute care surgeon in the COVID-19 pandemic era / O cirurgião de trauma e emergência na era da pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT The World Health Organization recognized in March 2020 the existence of a pandemic for the new coronavirus that appeared in China, in late 2019, and whose disease was named COVID-19. In this context, the SBAIT (Brazilian Society of Integrated Care for Traumatized Patients) conducted a survey with 219 trauma and emergency surgeons regarding the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the role of the surgeon in this pandemic by means of an electronic survey. It was observed that surgeons have been acting under inadequate conditions, with a lack of basic supplies as well as more specific equipment such as N95 masks and facial shields for the care of potential victims who may be contaminated. The latter increases the risk of contamination of professionals, resulting in potential losses in the working teams. Immediate measures must be taken to guarantee access to safety equipment throughout the country, since all trauma victims and/or patients with emergency surgical conditions must be treated as potential carriers of COVID-19.

RESUMO A Organização Mundial de Saúde reconheceu a partir de março de 2020 a existência de uma pandemia do novo coronavírus que surgiu na China no final de 2019, e cuja doença foi denominada COVID-19. Neste contexto, a SBAIT (Sociedade Brasileira de Atendimento Integrado ao Traumatizado) realizou pesquisa com 219 cirurgiões de Trauma e de Urgências e Emergências a respeito de disponibilidade de equipamentos de proteção individual (EPI) e do papel do cirurgião nesta pandemia, por meio de formulário eletrônico. Observou-se que os cirurgiões vêm atuando em condições inadequadas, com falta de insumos básicos assim como equipamentos mais específicos, como máscaras N95 e protetores faciais, para a atenção de potenciais vítimas que estejam contaminadas. Isso eleva o risco de contaminação dos profissionais e causa decorrentes baixas na força de trabalho. Medidas imediatas devem ser adotadas para garantir o acesso aos equipamentos de segurança em todo país uma vez que, todos os pacientes vítimas de trauma e/ou portadores de doenças cirúrgicas de urgência devem ser tratados como potenciais portadores do COVID-19.

Implementation of the trauma registry as a tool for quality improvement in trauma care in a brazilian hospital: the first 12 months.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the implementation of a trauma registry in a university teaching hospital delivering care under the unified health system (SUS), and its ability to identify points for improvement in the quality of care provided. METHODS: the data collection group comprised students from medicine and nursing courses who were holders of FAPESP scholarships (technical training 1) or otherwise, overseen by the coordinators of the project. The itreg (ECO Sistemas-RJ/SBAIT) software was used as the database tool. Several quality "filters" were proposed to select those cases for review in the quality control process. RESULTS: data for 1344 trauma patients were input to the itreg database between March and November 2014. Around 87.0% of cases were blunt trauma patients, 59.6% had RTS>7.0 and 67% ISS<9. Full records were available for 292 cases, which were selected for review in the quality program. The auditing filters most frequently registered were laparotomy four hours after admission and drainage of acute subdural hematomas four hours after admission. Several points for improvement were flagged, such as control of overtriage of patients, the need to reduce the number of negative imaging exams, the development of protocols for achieving central venous access, and management of major TBI. CONCLUSION: the trauma registry provides a clear picture of the points to be improved in trauma patient care, however, there are specific peculiarities for implementing this tool in the Brazilian milieu.

Acute pancreatitis complicated with splenic rupture: A case report.

Atraumatic splenic rupture is an uncommon complication of acute pancreatitis. This report describes the case of a 30-year-old man with acute pancreatitis and splenic vein thrombosis complicated by splenic rupture. The patient was admitted to the emergency department with pain in the upper abdomen that had been present for six hours and was associated with vomiting and sweating. He was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology. Upon computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, the pancreatitis was scored as Balthazar C grade, and a suspicious area of necrosis affecting 30% of the pancreas with splenic vein thrombosis was revealed. Seventy-two hours after admission, the patient had significant improvement in symptoms. However, he showed clinical worsening on the sixth day of hospitalization, with increasing abdominal distension and reduced hemoglobin levels. A CT angiography showed a large amount of free fluid in the abdominal cavity, along with a large splenic hematoma and contrast extravasation along the spleen artery. The patient subsequently underwent laparotomy, which showed hemoperitoneum due to rupture of the splenic parenchyma. A splenectomy was then performed, followed by ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage.

Long-term outcomes after acute necrotizing pancreatitis: what happens to the pancreas and to the patient?

CONTEXT: Late consequences of acute pancreatitis have received little attention. It is controversial whether the pancreas fully recovers after an episode of acute pancreatitis, especially in the presence of necrosis. Therefore, the presence of late pancreatic dysfunction following acute necrotizing pancreatitis is uncertain and there are controversies about how it may affect long-term quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pancreatic function and morphology, besides quality of life, in patients with prior acute necrotizing pancreatitis. PATIENTS: Patients who were admitted to our hospital with acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a ten-year interval were identified and thirty-eight survivors were contacted to enroll in the study out of which sixteen patients were included. METHODS: Exocrine function was studied by qualitative fecal fat excretion. Endocrine function was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test, HOMA-beta and C-peptide. Pancreatic morphology was examined by computed tomography. Quality of life was measured by 36-item short-form health survey. Tests were performed at least twelve months after the index episode of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. RESULTS: The prevalence of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency was 6.2%. Endocrine dysfunction was observed in half the cases, and no association with the extension of necrosis was found. Morphological changes were frequent (62.5%) and more prevalent in those who faced extensive necrosis. Quality of life was considered good, and its impairment was found exclusively in mental health domain, markedly in patients who had alcoholic pancreatitis. There was no correlation between quality of life and prognostic indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Exocrine function and quality of life were preserved in this group of patients. However, endocrine dysfunction and morphological abnormalities were frequent after acute necrotizing pancreatitis. These findings justify a long-term follow-up in order to initiate specific treatment promptly.

Individual patient data meta-analysis of organ failure in acute pancreatitis: protocol of the PANCREA II study.

CONTEXT: Organ failure is a major determinant of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. These patients usually require admission to high dependency or intensive care units and consume considerable health care resources. Given a low incidence rate of organ failure and a lack of large non-interventional studies in the field of acute pancreatitis, the characteristics of organ failure that influence outcomes of patients with acute pancreatitis remain largely unknown. Therefore, the Pancreatitis Across Nations Clinical Research and Education Alliance (PANCREA) aims to conduct a meta-analysis of individual patient data from prospective non-interventional studies to determine the influence of timing, duration, sequence, and combination of different organ failures on mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Pancreatologists currently active with acute pancreatitis clinical research will be invited to contribute. To be eligible for inclusion patients will have to meet the criteria of acute pancreatitis, develop at least one organ failure during the first week of hospitalization, and not be enrolled into an intervention study. Raw data will then be collated and checked. Individual patient data analysis based on a logistic regression model with adjustment for confounding variables will be done. For all analyses, corresponding 95% confidence intervals and P values will be reported. CONCLUSION: This collaborative individual patient data meta-analysis will answer important clinical questions regarding patients with acute pancreatitis that develop organ failure. Information derived from this study will be used to optimize routine clinical management and improve care strategies. It can also help validate outcome definitions, allow comparability of results and form a more accurate basis for patient allocation in further clinical studies.

Classification of acute pancreatitis.

Based on the Atlanta Classification, acute pancreatitis is classified according to its severity in either mild or severe acute pancreatitis. In recent years, several issues regarding acute pancreatitis have been discussed in the literature. These issues include how many categories of severity should be considered; whether or not a patient with organ failure holds similar holds severity of disease and prognosis of a patient with infected necrosis; the role of transient organ failure; and how to evaluate organ failure. The"Evidence-based Telemedicine - Trauma and Acute Care Surgery" (EBT-TACS) conducted a review of the recent literature on the topic, and critically appraised its most relevant pieces of evidence.. The articles discussed suggested classifying the severity of acute pancreatitis in three or four categories, rather than mild or severe only, and addressed which is the best score to assess organ failure. The following recommendations were proposed: (1) Acute pancreatitis should be classified into four categories: mild, moderate, severe and critical, which allows a better determination of the characteristics of patients, (2) Evaluation of organ failure with a severity score that preferably evaluate directly each organ failure, such as the SOFA and MODS (Marshall). The SOFA seems to have greater accuracy, but the MODS has better applicability due to its ease of use.

Uncomplicated acute cholecystitis: early or delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

Recent meta-analyses suggested that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (within 1 week of symptom onset) for uncomplicated acute gallbladder disease is safe and feasible. However, surveys on surgical practices indicated that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed by only a minority of surgeons. Furthermore, the exact time-point for performing this procedure as well as its cost-effectiveness remain a matter of debate. The TBE - CiTE Journal Club performed a critical appraisal of the most relevant evidence recently published on timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and its cost-effectiveness for the management of uncomplicated acute cholecystitis and provides evidence-based recommendations on the topic. The literature encompasses small trials with high risk of biases. It suggests that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and shortens hospital stay. There is scarcity of well-designed and large cost-utility analyses. The following main recommendations were generated: (1) Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be attempted as the first-line treatment within one week of symptoms onset; and (2) The cost-effectiveness of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be evaluated at the individual hospital level, taking into consideration local resources such as the availability of trained personal, operating room and laparoscopic equipment.

Morbimortality indicators in severe acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to the development of systemic complications, mortality and pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. PATIENTS: Thirty-nine patients (22.3%) out of 175 patients with acute pancreatitis who were admitted to our center, had an APACHE II score greater than 8; they were classified as having severe acute pancreatitis and were evaluated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Marshall scores were obtained. The variables analyzed were age, sex, etiology, hematocrit, leukocyte count, CRP level, CT findings and length of hospital stay. These variables were related to the development of systemic complications, mortality and necrotizing pancreatitis. RESULTS: The mean APACHE II value of the patients included was 11.6+/-3.1, the mean SOFA score was 3.2+/-2.0 and the Marshall score was 1.5+/-1.9. Eleven patients developed necrotizing pancreatitis. The mortality rate among severe acute pancreatitis patients was 3 out of 39 (7.7%). Variables found to be related to systemic complications were the APACHE II score as well as SOFA and Marshall scores greater than 3. The variables related to mortality were SOFA score greater than 3 and leukocytosis greater than 19,000 mm(-3). CRP greater than 19.5 mg/dL and length of hospital stay were related to necrotizing pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS: The scoring systems, especially the SOFA score, were related to the development of systemic complications and mortality. CRP showed a relationship to necrotizing pancreatitis. There was no relationship between the evaluated scoring systems and necrotizing pancreatitis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Changes in the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis is present in up to 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis, with considerable mortality. Changes in the management of acute pancreatitis in the last 2 decades contributed to reduce the mortality. AIM: To show the evolution in the management of severe acute pancreatitis, comparing two different approaches. METHODS: All patients with severe acute pancreatitis from 1999 to 2005 were included. We compared the results of a retrospective review from 1999 to 2002 (group A) with a prospective protocol, from 2003 to 2005 (group B). In group A severe pancreatitis was defined by the presence of systemic or local complications. In group B the Atlanta criteria were used to define severity. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, etiology, APACHE II, leukocytes, bicarbonate, fluid collections and necrosis on computed tomography, surgical treatment and mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were classified as severe, 24 in group A and 47 in group B. The mean APACHE II in groups A and B were 10.7 +/- 3.5 and 9.3 +/- 4.5, respectively. Necrosis was seen in 12 patients (50%) in group A and in 21 patients (44.7%) in group B. Half of the patients in group A and two (4.3%) in group B underwent to pancreatic interventions. Mortality reached 45.8% in group A and 8.5% in group B. CONCLUSION: A specific approach and a prospective protocol can change the results in the treatment of patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Pesquisa nacional sobre condutas na pancreatite aguda / A Brazilian survey regarding the management of acute pancreatitis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar como a pancreatite aguda é vista e tratada pelo cirurgião brasileiro. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um questionário prospectivo enviado aos membros do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (CBC). Dois mil questionários foram enviados obtendo-se 618 respostas (30,9 por cento). O questionário constituía de perguntas relacionadas à experiência do cirurgião e ao tratamento da PA. RESULTADOS: Cento e oitente e dois entrevistados (33,6 por cento) disseram tratar até cinco casos por ano e 147 (27,2 por cento) tratam de seis a 10 casos por ano. Dentre os critérios utilizados para a definição de PA, o mais citado foi a avaliação clínica por 306 (57,4 por cento) entrevistados, seguido dos critérios de Ranson por 294 (55,2 por cento) e TC por 262 (49,2 por cento). Com relação ao uso da TC, 275 (51,5 por cento) entrevistados responderam que realizam a TC em todos os doentes com PA. O suporte nutricional parenteral foi o método de escolha indicado por 248 (46,6 por cento) entrevistados. A infecção da coleção e/ou necrose pancreática é a principal indicação operatória com 447 (83,6 por cento) respostas. O melhor período para operar um doente com PA grave foi considerado até quatorze dias por 278 (54,2 por cento) entrevistados. Com relação aos antibióticos, 371 (68,6 por cento) entrevistados disseram que utilizam antibióticos no tratamento da PA grave. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados demonstram uma ampla variação no tratamento da PA no Brasil. A pouca experiência dos cirurgiões e os temas controversos são os fatores principais responsável para esta falta de padronização. A realização de um Consenso nacional baseado nos novos conceitos e na experiência mundial é crucial para ajustar estas condutas.

BACKGROUND: to evaluate as AP is managed by the Brazilian surgeon. METHODS: A questionnaire has been sent to 2,000 members of the Brazilian College of Surgeons, with 618 (30.9 percent) answers obtained. The questionnaire consisted of questions related to the experience of the surgeon and in particular to the treatment of AP. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-two interviewed (33.6 percent) answered to treat up to five cases per year and 147 (27.2 percent) treat six to ten cases per year. The most cited criteria used for the definition of severe AP was clinical evaluation for 306 (57.4 percent) interviewed, followed by the Ranson criteria for 294 (55.2 percent) and CT scan for 262 (49.2 percent). Regarding the use of CT, 275 (51.5 percent) interviewed answered that make use of CT scan for all patients with AP. The parenteral nutritional support was the method of choice indicated for 248 (46.6 percent) interviewed. The infection of fluid collection and/or pancreatic necrosis was the main reason for surgical treatment with 447 (83.6 percent) answers. The optimum period to operate a patient with severe AP was considered up to seven days for 278 (54.2 percent) interviewed. With relation to antibiotics, 371 (68.6 percent) said that they use antibiotics in the treatment of severe AP. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate a wide variation in the treatment of AP in Brazil. Little experience of the surgeons and controversial issues are the main factors responsible for this lack of standardization. A national Consensus based on new concepts and worldwide experience is crucial to adjust these thoughts.

Changes in the management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis / Mudanças no manejo de doentes com pancreatite aguda grave

BACKGROUND: Severe acute pancreatitis is present in up to 25 percent of patients with acute pancreatitis, with considerable mortality. Changes in the management of acute pancreatitis in the last 2 decades contributed to reduce the mortality. AIM: To show the evolution in the management of severe acute pancreatitis, comparing two different approaches. METHODS: All patients with severe acute pancreatitis from 1999 to 2005 were included. We compared the results of a retrospective review from 1999 to 2002 (group A) with a prospective protocol, from 2003 to 2005 (group B). In group A severe pancreatitis was defined by the presence of systemic or local complications. In group B the Atlanta criteria were used to define severity. The variables analyzed were: age, gender, etiology, APACHE II, leukocytes, bicarbonate, fluid collections and necrosis on computed tomography, surgical treatment and mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were classified as severe, 24 in group A and 47 in group B. The mean APACHE II in groups A and B were 10.7 ± 3.5 and 9.3 ± 4.5, respectively. Necrosis was seen in 12 patients (50 percent) in group A and in 21 patients (44.7 percent) in group B. Half of the patients in group A and two (4.3 percent) in group B underwent to pancreatic interventions. Mortality reached 45.8 percent in group A and 8.5 percent in group B. CONCLUSION: A specific approach and a prospective protocol can change the results in the treatment of patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

RACIONAL: A pancreatite aguda grave está presente em até 25 por cento dos doentes com pancreatite aguda, com mortalidade considerável. Mudanças no tratamento da pancreatite aguda nas últimas duas décadas contribuíram para a redução da mortalidade destes doentes. OBJETIVO: Mostrar a evolução do manejo da pancreatite aguda, comparando duas diferentes abordagens. MÉTODOS: Todos os doentes com pancreatite aguda grave de 1999 a 2005 do Serviço de Emergência da Santa Casa de São Paulo, SP, foram incluídos. Os resultados de uma revisão retrospectiva de 1999 para 2002 (grupo A) foram comparados com um protocolo prospectivo, de 2003 para 2005 (grupo B). No grupo A, a pancreatite grave era definida pela presença de complicações sistêmicas ou locais. No grupo B os critérios de Atlanta foram utilizados para definir a gravidade. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, etiologia, APACHE II, leucócitos, bicarbonato, coleções e necrose na tomografia, tratamento cirúrgico e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Setenta e um doentes foram classificados como graves, 24 no grupo A e 47 no grupo B. A média do APACHE II nos grupos A e B foram 10,7 ± 3,5 e 9,3 ± 4,5, respectivamente. A necrose foi vista em 12 doentes (50 por cento) no grupo A e em 21 doentes (44,7 por cento) no grupo B. Metade dos doentes no grupo A e dois (4,3 por cento) no grupo B foram submetidos a operação pancreática. A mortalidade foi de 45,8 por cento no grupo A e 8,5 por cento no grupo B. CONCLUSÃO: Uma abordagem específica e um protocolo prospectivo podem mudar os resultados no tratamento de doentes com pancreatite aguda grave.

Pentoxifylline attenuates pulmonary inflammation and neutrophil activation in experimental acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been shown to attenuate neutrophil activation and end-organ injury in shock states such as hemorrhage and sepsis. We hypothesized that PTX would down-regulate AP-induced lung injury. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent catheterization of the pancreatic duct. Acute pancreatitis (n = 7) and AP/PTX animals (n = 7) received a retrograde infusion of 3.5% sodium taurocholate and intravenous treatment with normal saline or normal saline and PTX (25 mg/kg), respectively. Pulmonary neutrophil degranulation and sequestration were determined by zymography and detection of myeloperoxidase. Nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was determined by Western blot. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Pulmonary histologic injury scores were attenuated in the AP/PTX group (P < 0.05). Plasma amylase levels remained unchanged. Pentoxifylline produced a significant decline in myeloperoxidase content and matrix metalloproteinase activity (P < 0.05). The increase in the phosphorylation of pulmonary nuclear factor kappa B, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and extracellular-related signal kinase 1/2 observed after AP was not demonstrated with PTX (P < 0.05). Pentoxifylline supplementation reduced pulmonary cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant levels by 50% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pentoxifylline significantly attenuated histologic lung injury, pulmonary neutrophil activity, and proinflammatory signaling in a severe model of AP. Therefore, PTX may serve as an adjunct for the treatment of the inflammatory complications of severe AP.